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酯化反應是有機合成中的非常重要的反應,現有方法主要分為三類:(1) 羰基活化(醇與活化羧酸衍生物加成);(2) 羧酸烷基化(羧酸去質子化后親核進攻醇衍生的親電試劑);(3) 共生活化(Symbiotic Activation),反應物形成活性離子對生成酯。本文介紹的 三氯乙酰亞胺酯就屬于 共生活化,共生活化酯化法避免使用強酸/堿,適用于含敏感官能團(如天然產物、藥物分子)的底物。【】
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三氯乙酰亞胺酯是一種在溫和條件下 無需外源促進劑即可 合成酯的有用試劑。此條件無需使用強路易斯酸或布朗斯特酸,可以避免常見敏感官能團底物引發的副反應。各種富電子芐酯和叔丁酯都可以高效合成。通過加熱,該反應可拓展至無供電子基團的芐基酯。這種廉價且便捷的方法在復雜底物的酯化反應中具有應用潛力。【
J. Org. Chem.2019, 84, 7871?7882】
三氯乙酰亞胺酯的適用范圍
以苯甲酸為模型底物,測試不同三氯乙酰亞胺酯的反應性, 親電試劑的碳正離子穩定性決定反應性(電子效應 > 位阻效應)。
高活性 三氯乙酰亞胺酯 (室溫,DCM):富電子芐基酯(如4-甲氧基芐基 20、3,4-二甲氧基芐基 22、二苯甲基 26),產率 >90%。叔丁基酯 13(84%),烯丙基類似物預烯丙基酯 15(73%)。
中等活性 三氯乙酰亞胺酯 (甲苯回流):無取代芐基酯 17(76%)、三甲基芐基酯 18(82%)、呋喃甲基酯 24(96%)。
低活性 三氯乙酰亞胺酯:貧電子基團(如4-硝基芐基 23)、直鏈烷基(甲基 10、乙基 11)、炔丙基 16 不反應。
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羧酸底物的兼容性
多種復雜羧酸成功酯化。空間位阻酸:二苯乙酸 27(>90%)、2-甲基-2-苯基丙酸 28(叔丁酯產率較低,30%)。含雜原子官能團:α-溴代十二酸 29(無消除)、Boc-苯丙氨酸 31(無脫保護)、吡啶甲酸 35(無副反應)。烯酸:乙烯基乙酸 32、肉桂酸 33、順式烯酸 34(無異構化)。![]()
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(S)-萘普生 27 酯化后ee值不變(手性HPLC驗證),無消旋化。
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反應機理
手性三氯乙酰亞胺酯(如 25, 37)反應后會消旋(SN1路徑)。反應中加入三乙胺會抑制反應(中和羧酸阻斷活化)。另外TEMPO存在下反應仍進行,可以排除自由基路徑。
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反應歷程:1、羧酸質子化三氯乙酰亞胺酯的亞胺氮,形成離子對 41。2、釋放三氯乙酰胺 42,生成碳正離子 44。3、羧酸根 43 親核進攻得酯 45。
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實驗操作
General Procedure for the Synthesis of Trichloroacetimidates from the Corresponding Alcohol. A flame-dried 25 mL round bottom flask was charged with the alcohol starting material (1equiv) under argon. Dry DCM was then added to form a 0.5 M solution, and the flask was cooled to 0 °C. DBU (0.2 equiv) was added to the solution, followed by trichloroacetonitrile (1.5 equiv). The reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated and silica gel column chromatography was performed to provide the desired trichloroacetimidates.
General Procedure for Esterification by Method A. In a flame-dried flask, the trichloroacetimidate (2 equiv) was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.25 M) under argon. The carboxylic acid (1equiv) was then added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature. The reaction progress was monitored by thin layer chromatography. After completion, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 N NaOH and extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic extracts were then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the ester product.
General Procedure for Esterification by Method B. The carboxylic acid (1 equiv) and trichloroacetimidate (2 equiv) were placed in a flame-dried round bottom flask under argon. Anhydrous toluene (0.25 M) was then added and the reaction was heated to reflux. The reaction progress was monitored by thin layer chromatography. After disappearance of the carboxylic acid, the mixture was allowed to cool to rt, poured into 2 N NaOH, and extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic extracts were then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the ester product.
本研究探索了多種結構各異的三氯乙酰亞胺酯親電試劑的酯化反應。僅在無促進劑條件下能生成穩定碳正離子的亞胺酯可作為可靠酯化試劑。其中多數體系在室溫即可反應,部分需甲苯回流加熱。該條件下未觀察到烯烴異構化或其他質子官能團(如醇、酰胺)的烷基化,為含復雜官能團的底物提供了一種溫和的酯化方法。無需外加酸/堿促進劑即可形成酯的特性,使其在含敏感官能團的復雜底物酯化中具有應用價值。
參考資料:
J. Org. Chem.2019, 84, 7871?7882
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后記:小編在做富電子芐醇醚化時查到了此文獻,在此文獻條件下只有羧基發生反應,醇羥基(如底物羧酸30)是不能醚化的。后來小編篩選條件發現加入PPTS催化,醇也可以順利反應, 富電子芐醇由于其富電子性質很難做成穩定的芐鹵,而通過生成 三氯乙酰亞胺酯合成 富電子芐醚是一個可行的嘗試方案。
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