苯胺結構廣泛存在于天然產物和藥物活性分子中,是合成染料、藥品及功能材料的關鍵中間體。傳統還原硝基芳烴的方法(如Pd/C、Ni-NHC等)存在化學選擇性差、反應條件苛刻(高溫高壓)、催化劑制備復雜等問題【】。光催化還原雖有一定進展,但通常需要貴金屬光敏劑(如銥、釕配合物),且電子轉移過程中易影響其他不飽和基團,導致選擇性不足。
![]()
2023年,Shilei Yang等人 開發了一種高效、溫和的可見光誘導鐵催化還原硝基芳烴為苯胺的方法,使用N-乙基嗎啉(NEM)作為還原劑。該反應無需光敏劑,具有良好至優異的收率及廣泛的官能團耐受性。初步機理研究表明,反應通過配體到金屬(NEM到Fe3?)的電荷轉移(LMCT)和硝基三線態雙自由基誘導的氫原子轉移(HAT)歷程進行。此歷程可有效 避免對其他還原敏感基團的影響。【 Chem. Commun. , 2023, 59 , 14177-14180 】
條件優化
以4-氯硝基苯(1a)為模型底物,系統優化了反應條件。
![]()
最佳條件:FeCl?(10 mol%)、NEM(4.0 equiv.)、溶劑乙腈、400–405 nm藍光照射、室溫、16小時、氮氣氛圍。
關鍵結果:
其他鐵鹽(如FeCl?、Fe(acac)?等)效果均不如FeCl?。
NEM為最優還原劑,其他胺類(如NMM、DIPEA等)收率顯著降低。
乙腈為最優溶劑,其他溶劑(如DMF、DMSO等)收率下降。
無鐵催化劑或無光照時反應幾乎不發生;空氣中收率降至28%。
底物適用
在最優條件下,考察了多種硝基芳烴的還原效果。
鹵代硝基苯:對位、間位氯代物收率良好(2a: 92%, 2b: 81%),鄰位因位阻收率較低(2c: 25%);氟、溴、碘代物均適用(2d: 58%, 2e: 89%, 2f: 82%)。
供電子基團:甲基、甲氧基、硫甲基等取代底物需延長反應時間至48小時,收率提升至80–96%(2h–2m)。
吸電子基團:氰基、酮、酰胺、酯、磺酰胺等均耐受良好,收率82–96%(2p–2t)。
特殊基團:末端炔基(2v: 99%)、末端烯基(2w: 70%)、萘環(2y: 91%)及雜環(2z–2β: 83–89%)均可順利還原。
二硝基底物:可選擇性單還原生成3-硝基苯胺(2γ: 67%)。
![]()
克級規模與流動化學應用:在連續流動反應器中進行克級反應(1.26 g 1a),以DMF為溶劑,保持相同條件,產物2a收率達89%(0.912 g),證明了反應的實用性與可放大性。
![]()
機理研究
通過多種實驗驗證反應機理。
UV-vis光譜:FeCl?與NEM結合后在可見光區發生紅移,表明形成Fe-NEM配合物;光照后吸收譜與FeCl? + NEM·HCl相似,提示LMCT過程發生。
![]()
瞬態吸收光譜(TAS)與ESR:檢測到Fe3?→Fe2?的漂白特征及NEM??的生成(g=4.26),證實LMCT過程。
![]()
控制實驗: 1、 加入自由基捕獲劑TEMPO時,反應被完全抑制,生成TEMP,表明涉及HAT過程。2、預先光照FeCl?/NEM體系后加入底物無反應,說明硝基底物需直接光激發。3、硝基苯還原需Fe2?和H?參與,Fe3?無效。
![]()
反應歷程 :
硝基芳烴光激發產生三線態雙自由基中間體(A)。
NEM與Fe3?配位形成配合物(I),光激發后經LMCT生成Fe2?和NEM??(II)。
II與A通過HAT過程生成中間體B和III,III水解產生H?和嗎啉。
B質子化后脫水生成亞硝基芳烴(D),最終被Fe2?/H?還原為苯胺。
![]()
作者開發了一種可見光誘導鐵催化還原硝基芳烴的方法,以NEM為還原劑,可高效制備多種苯胺衍生物。NEM兼具Fe3?配體和“H”源的雙重功能,通過LMCT過程提供活性氫。該鐵催化體系實現了與貴金屬配合物相似的光氧化還原效果,且鐵資源豐富、低毒、廉價,為光催化合成提供了實用工具。
實驗操作
![]()
To an oven-dried 20 mL quartz tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added nitroarenes 1 (if solid, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), FeCl3 (4.8 mg, 0.03 mmol, 10 mol%). The tube was capped. After being evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times, NEM (152 μL, 1.2 mmol, 4.0 equiv.) and CH3CN (1.0 mL) were added via gastight syringe under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at room temperature under irradiation with 10 W 400-405 nm LEDs for 16 h. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, and filtered through a short silica gel flash column (ethyl acetate), concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was analyzed by 1HNMR using Br2CH2 as internal standard. Isolated yield was obtained by silica gel flash column chromatography from the residue to give desired products.
![]()
To a 100 mL three-neck flask were added 1a (1.26 g, 8.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), FeCl3 (0.13g, 0.8 mmol, 10 mol%). The flask was placed in the sealing casing and replaced five times with nitrogen gas by the Schlenk technique. Next, NEM (4.0 mL, 32 mmol, 4.0 equiv.) and DMF (26 mL) were added followed by via syringe under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 45 min residence time, and placed into reactor cells (6 m length, 1.0 mm internal diameter PFA tube). The flow rate of the mixture in the reactor cells was 0.1 mL/min under irradiation with 200 W 400 nm LEDs at room temperature. The mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL), concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate = 5:1) to afford the desired product 2a (0.912 g, 89%).
參考資料:Visible-light-induced iron-catalyzed reduction of nitroarenes to anilines;Shilei Yang, Min He, Yi Wang, Ming Bao, Xiaoqiang Yu*;Chem. Commun. , 2023, 59 , 14177-14180;https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CC04324J
![]()
特別聲明:以上內容(如有圖片或視頻亦包括在內)為自媒體平臺“網易號”用戶上傳并發布,本平臺僅提供信息存儲服務。
Notice: The content above (including the pictures and videos if any) is uploaded and posted by a user of NetEase Hao, which is a social media platform and only provides information storage services.