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近日發(fā)表于《Phytomedicine》的研究,系統(tǒng)揭示了傳統(tǒng)中藥桔梗來源的多糖組分(PG1與PG2)通過重塑腸道微生態(tài)及相關(guān)代謝通路,對抗高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)肥胖的分子機制。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PG1在改善肥胖及相關(guān)代謝紊亂方面顯著優(yōu)于PG2,其作用主要通過協(xié)同調(diào)控“腸道菌群-短鏈脂肪酸”與“腸道菌群-膽汁酸”兩條關(guān)鍵信號軸實現(xiàn)。在高脂飲食喂養(yǎng)90天的C57BL/6小鼠模型中,高劑量PG1干預(yù)能有效抑制體重增長、改善血脂異常、減輕炎癥與肝臟損傷、減少脂肪沉積。通過宏基因組學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),PG1主要促進了產(chǎn)短鏈脂肪酸細(xì)菌的豐度,進而增強腸道GPR41與GPR43基因的表達,顯著提升胰高血糖素樣肽-1(GLP-1)和肽YY(PYY)水平,并改善循環(huán)中瘦素和脂聯(lián)素水平,激活了GM-SCFA-GPR代謝調(diào)控通路。同時,PG1顯著提升了參與次級膽汁酸生成的細(xì)菌(如毛螺菌科NK4A136群和真桿菌屬)的相對豐度,促進了初級膽汁酸向次級膽汁酸的轉(zhuǎn)化。這一過程降低了腸道法尼醇X受體(FXR)及其下游因子成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子15(FGF15)的表達,并減少FGFR4水平,從而上調(diào)肝臟膽固醇7α-羥化酶(CYP7A1),加速肝臟膽固醇代謝與新膽汁酸的合成,抑制了GM-BA-FXR-FGF15信號通路。該研究表明,補充PG1可通過同時激活GM-SCFA-GPR通路與抑制GM-BA-FXR-FGF15通路,在多靶點上發(fā)揮抗肥胖作用,為開發(fā)基于天然多糖的代謝性疾病干預(yù)策略提供了新的理論依據(jù)。
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研究背景
近年來,肥胖已成為全球關(guān)注的焦點,被視為可能引發(fā)代謝性疾病的威脅。此外,預(yù)計到2030年全球?qū)⒂谐^10億人肥胖,而現(xiàn)有抗肥胖療法均伴隨顯著不良反應(yīng),部分藥物長期使用受限或被禁用。因此,有必要研發(fā)新型、安全、實用的肥胖管理藥物療法。
桔梗(Platycodonis Radix,PR)是桔梗科植物桔梗的干燥根,長期以來逐漸成為亞洲飲食和傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥實踐中的常見食材與藥材。近期研究凸顯了其生物活性,包括降血脂、抗肥胖、抗炎及抗氧化作用。植物化學(xué)研究表明,桔梗中含多種生物活性物質(zhì),如多糖、三萜皂苷、黃酮類、酚酸類及植物甾醇。其中,多糖被證實是其發(fā)揮抗肥胖活性的主要生物活性成分,其他研究也驗證了桔梗多糖的抗肥胖作用。盡管取得了這些成果,但針對桔梗多糖抗肥胖作用的生物學(xué)機制研究較少,仍需深入探索。

研究內(nèi)容
本研究對桔梗多糖(PG,即PG1和PG2)進行提取、純化與表征,在高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖C57BL/6小鼠模型中探究并對比其抗肥胖特性。此外,通過研究PG在調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群組成、增強短鏈脂肪酸和膽汁酸代謝、調(diào)控相關(guān)靶基因及蛋白表達方面的潛在優(yōu)勢,明確其抗肥胖作用機制。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可為肥胖及相關(guān)疾病的膳食干預(yù)策略提供理論依據(jù)。

研究結(jié)果
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Fig. 1. Characterization of polysaccharides from PR. A: Elution curve of PG by DEAE-52; B: FT-IR spectrum of PG1 and PG2. C: Ultraviolet full wavelength scanning of PG1 and PG2. D: HPLC chromatograms of standard monosaccharides. E and G: Monosaccharide compositions of PG1 and PG2. F and H: HPLC chromatogram of PG1 and PG2 demonstrating its molecular weight distribution.
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Fig. 2. A: The animal experiment design. B: Effects of PG1 and PG2 on body weight. C: Effects of PG1 and PG2 on HFD induced obese rats by HE staining of liver. D: Effects of PG1 and PG2 on HFD induced obese rats by HE staining of epididymal adipose tissues.
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Fig. 3. Effects of PG1 and PG2 on cecum tissues of HFD induced obese rats. A: HE staining. B: PAS staining. C: Crypt depth. D: Number of goblet cells.
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Fig. 4. The effects of PG1 and PG2 on lipid metabolism, liver function, inflammation, and serum hormones in HFD-fed mice. (A) TC; (B) TG; (C) HDL-C; (D) LDL-C; (E) AST; (F) ALT; (G) TNF-α; (H) IL-1β; (I) IL-6; (J) Leptin; (K) Adiponectin; (L) PYY; (M) GLP-1. (N) LPS.
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Fig. 5. A: The effects of PG1 and PG2 on concentrations of SCFAs in cecal contents of HFD-fed mice. B: Effects of PG1 and PG2 on gene expressions of GPR41. C: Effects of PG1 and PG2 on gene expressions of GPR43.
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Fig. 6. The effects of PG1 and PG2 on concentrations of BAs in cecal contents of HFD-fed mice.
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Fig. 7. Effects of PG1 and PG2 on regulating the GM. A: Shannon index. B: Relative abundance of microbial species in phylum. C: The relative abundance of Firmicutes. D: The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. E: Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. F and G: PCoA analysis.
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Fig. 8. Community heatmap analysis on Genus's level.
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Fig. 9. Effects of PG1 and PG2 on regulating the relative abundance of specific gut bacteria.
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Fig. 10. Spearman correlation analysis between bacterial community and SCFAs metabolism.
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Fig. 11. Spearman correlation analysis between bacterial community and BAs metabolism.
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Fig. 12. Effects of PG1 and PG2 on intestinal integrity related genes and protein expressions.
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Fig. 13. Effects of PG1 and PG2 on regulating the gene expressions involved in BAs metabolism.
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Fig. 14. Effects of PG1 and PG2 on regulating the protein expressions involved in BAs metabolism.
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Fig. 15. Mechanistic diagram of PG1 intervention in high-fat-diet induced obesity.

研究結(jié)論
本研究表明,源自桔梗(PR)的PG1通過膳食干預(yù),可有效抑制飲食誘導(dǎo)肥胖的發(fā)生發(fā)展,其作用體現(xiàn)在改善脂質(zhì)代謝、減輕炎癥、增強肝功能、防止脂肪堆積及維持腸道完整性等方面。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PG1的抗肥胖機制與腸道菌群(GM)的調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān),尤其通過富集產(chǎn)短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA)菌實現(xiàn)。基于上述發(fā)現(xiàn),PG1可能通過激活“腸道菌群-短鏈脂肪酸-G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(GPR)”通路、抑制“腸道菌群-膽汁酸-法尼醇X受體(FXR)-成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子15(FGF15)”通路來緩解肥胖,這一推測具有合理性。因此,PG1有望成為一種有效的益生元制劑,用于治療肥胖及腸道菌群失調(diào)。

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156653
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