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基本信息
Title:Cognition varies across the calendar year in multiple large-scale datasets
發(fā)表時間:2025.12.16
發(fā)表期刊:PNAS
影響因子:9.1
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研究背景
生物體內(nèi)的時鐘無處不在。我們熟知晝夜節(jié)律如何精妙地調(diào)控著睡眠與覺醒,也了解發(fā)育過程中的年歲增長如何重塑大腦結(jié)構(gòu)。然而,在更宏觀的“年”的時間尺度上,人類的認(rèn)知能力是否也會隨著日歷的翻動而發(fā)生周期性的波動?
在教育心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域,“暑期滑坡”是一個廣為人知的現(xiàn)象 。它指的是學(xué)生在經(jīng)歷漫長的暑假后,其學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)(如閱讀或數(shù)學(xué)成績)往往會出現(xiàn)顯著下降。長期以來,學(xué)界傾向于將這種現(xiàn)象歸因于“遺忘”,即由于缺乏持續(xù)的練習(xí),學(xué)生們忘記了在課堂上習(xí)得的具體知識點(diǎn)。
但是,這種解釋掩蓋了一個更深層的科學(xué)問題:這僅僅是知識的流失,還是大腦底層認(rèn)知功能(如執(zhí)行功能、記憶力)本身的季節(jié)性衰退?過去的許多研究受限于樣本量小、依賴學(xué)業(yè)成績而非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化認(rèn)知測試,且常常混淆了社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的影響,導(dǎo)致這一問題一直未能蓋棺定論。如果兒童的通用認(rèn)知能力真的存在季節(jié)性波動,這將對我們理解大腦的可塑性以及大規(guī)模人群研究的數(shù)據(jù)分析范式產(chǎn)生顛覆性的影響。
本期介紹的這項(xiàng) 2025年12月16日 發(fā)表于PNAS的研究,利用了包括ABCD 研究在內(nèi)的四個大型獨(dú)立數(shù)據(jù)集(總樣本量N = 23,251),首次系統(tǒng)性地量化了不同地理與文化背景下,學(xué)齡兒童認(rèn)知能力的年度周期性變化。
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Fig. 1. Cognitive functioning consistently varies by time-of-year.
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研究核心總結(jié)
這項(xiàng)研究通過廣義加性模型(Generalized Additive Models, GAMs)結(jié)合循環(huán)三次樣條(cyclic cubic splines),對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了精細(xì)的非線性建模,揭示了認(rèn)知能力隨季節(jié)波動的普遍規(guī)律及其潛在機(jī)制。
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Fig. 2. Associations between time-of-year and cognition replicate across datasets of youth with and without ADHD, but not young adults.
核心發(fā)現(xiàn):認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)的“假期低谷效應(yīng)”
研究結(jié)果顯示,在控制了年齡、性別等變量后,學(xué)齡兒童的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化認(rèn)知測試成績呈現(xiàn)出顯著的年度周期性波動。
美國樣本: 兒童的綜合認(rèn)知能力、執(zhí)行功能和學(xué)習(xí)/記憶能力在夏季月份顯著下降,并在9月左右(即暑假結(jié)束時)達(dá)到最低點(diǎn)。
新加坡樣本: 為了驗(yàn)證這種波動是源于“氣候季節(jié)”還是“學(xué)校假期”,研究者分析了位于熱帶且學(xué)制不同的新加坡數(shù)據(jù)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),新加坡兒童的認(rèn)知低谷出現(xiàn)在2月(即該國長假結(jié)束后)。
這一跨國比較有力地證明了,認(rèn)知的周期性波動與學(xué)校假期的時序高度一致,而非單純由自然季節(jié)(如氣溫或日照)驅(qū)動,盡管高溫可能是一個潛在的加劇因素。
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Fig. 3. Associations between time-of-year and cognition follow the timing of school vacation across countries.
關(guān)鍵特征:特定于發(fā)育期且獨(dú)立于社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位
發(fā)育特異性: 這種與假期同步的認(rèn)知下滑僅在學(xué)齡兒童和青少年中被觀察到。在年輕成人樣本中,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)類似的規(guī)律 。這表明該現(xiàn)象與結(jié)構(gòu)化的學(xué)校環(huán)境對發(fā)育中大腦的腳手架作用(scaffolding)密切相關(guān)。
社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的交互: 研究利用“暴露組學(xué)”(Exposome)評分發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然低社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位背景的兒童更容易在夏季被招募參與研究(這是一個重要的數(shù)據(jù)偏差),但即便在嚴(yán)格控制了多維度的環(huán)境暴露因素后,認(rèn)知能力的季節(jié)性波動依然顯著存在。
效應(yīng)量級: 雖然這種季節(jié)性波動的效應(yīng)量相對較小,其影響程度約等于社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對認(rèn)知影響的七分之一,或者相當(dāng)于約0.2至0.4年的認(rèn)知發(fā)育水平,但它在統(tǒng)計(jì)上是穩(wěn)健且可重復(fù)的。
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Fig. 4. The timing of minimum performance across cognitive tasks consistently aligns with the timing of school break.
理論與方法論意義
本研究不僅證實(shí)了“暑期滑坡”是一種廣泛存在的通用認(rèn)知功能現(xiàn)象,而非僅僅是學(xué)業(yè)知識的遺忘;更重要的是,它為大規(guī)模人群神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究敲響了警鐘。在進(jìn)行橫斷或縱向數(shù)據(jù)分析時,如果忽略“受試者參與實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體日期”這一變量,季節(jié)性波動可能會作為混淆因素,導(dǎo)致對發(fā)育軌跡或組間差異(尤其是涉及社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的比較)的錯誤估計(jì) 。研究建議,未來的認(rèn)知發(fā)展研究必須將“一年中的時間”納入統(tǒng)計(jì)模型,以剝離這一環(huán)境節(jié)律對大腦功能的瞬時影響。
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Fig. 5. The exposome is associated with the date of study participation but does not fully account for associations between time-of-year and cognitive performance.
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Abstract
Children’s cognitive abilities vary across short and long timescales, from circadian fluctuations to year-by-year developmental changes. “Summer slide” refers to seasonal variation in academic performance, characterized by decreased performance following an extended school vacation. However, it remains unclear whether this effect generalizes across varied assessments and the extent of this effect across sociodemographic groups has been debated. Though seasonal variation in cognitive performance is often attributed to “forgetting” of learned material, no large-scale studies have systematically investigated seasonal variation in general cognitive skills (e.g., executive functioning) on standardized laboratory-based assessments in school-age youth compared to adults. Across four datasets with geographic, demographic, mental health, and measurement variation (total n = 23,251), we quantify cyclical, seasonal variation in children’s cognitive performance using generalized additive models with cyclic cubic splines. In school-age children but not young adults, we found consistent cognitive performance minima following school vacation (July–September in the United States; November–January in Singapore) across nearly all cognitive domains investigated. These results demonstrate a generalizable small-magnitude effect of lower cognitive performance aligning with school vacation even after adjusting for socioeconomic status or ADHD diagnosis. We contextualize summer cognitive minima relative to environmental and developmental effects, noting that the largest effect size is still seven times smaller than effects of the socioeconomic environment on cognition, and provide recommendations for future data collection and analysis of behavior across the calendar year.
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分享人:飯哥
審核:PsyBrain 腦心前沿編輯部
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